The Relation Between EU Competition Policy and Consumers in Online Multi-Sided Platform Market: An Analysis Based on Consumer Welfare Standard

Yayınevi: Yetkin Yayınları
Yazar: Erman EKİNGEN
ISBN: 9786050512007
170,00 TL 200,00 TL

Adet

 
   0 yorum  |  Yorum Yap
Kitap Künyesi
Yazar Erman EKİNGEN
Baskı Tarihi 2022/05
Baskı Sayısı 1
Boyut 16x24 cm (Standart Kitap Boyu)
Cilt Karton kapak
Sayfa Sayısı 248

The Relation Between EU Competition Policy and Consumers in Online Multi-Sided Platform Market: An Analysis Based on Consumer Welfare Standard

Dr. Erman EKİNGEN


Table of Contents

Abstract................................................................................................v

Acknowledgements.............................................................................vi

Table of Contents............................................................................. vii

Table of Figures............................................................................... xiii

Table of Legislation...........................................................................xv

Table of Cases...................................................................................xix

The List of Abbreviations............................................................. xxiii

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION, METHODOLOGY AND

STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK

1.1.The Issue .....................................................................................1

1.2.Research Questions .....................................................................4

1.3 Structure of the Book ..................................................................5

1.4 Research Methodology................................................................7

1.4.1 Doctrinal Legal Research Methodology............................8

1.4.1.2 The Concept of ‘Consumer Welfare’..................10

CHAPTER 2

THE APPEARANCE OF THE ONLINE

MULTI-SIDED PLATFORM MARKETS IN EU

COMPETITION LAW

2.1 Current Status of the Digital Markets in EU Competition Law

and Their General Features.......................................................18

2.2 Online Multi-Sided Platforms in General .................................24

2.2.1 Detailed Points on Online Multi-Sided Platforms...........30

2.2.1.1 Differences Between Online Multi-Sided

Platforms and Retailers.......................................30

2.2.1.2 Difference Between Business to Business and

Business to Consumer Relations in terms of

Online Multi-Sided Platforms.............................33

viii

2.2.2 Importance of Consumers in Online Multi-Sided

Platforms .........................................................................34

2.3 Main Features of Online Multi-Sided Platform Relationships..37

2.3.1 Existence of More Than One Customer Group with

Different Demand Structures ..........................................38

2.3.2 Existence of Indirect Networks Effects...........................38

2.3.3 Existence of a Platform That Creates Inter-Group

Relationships...................................................................40

2.3.4 Existence of Downstream-Actors-Oriented Consumer

Concept............................................................................40

2.4 Different Types of Online Multi-Sided Platforms ....................51

2.4.1 Consumer Transaction Platforms ....................................54

2.4.2 Consumer Info Platforms.................................................56

2.5 Reasons to Evaluate Online Multi-Sided Platform Markets

Differently.................................................................................59

2.5.1 Market Definition ............................................................59

2.5.2 Market Power...................................................................60

2.5.3 Chicken-Egg Problem......................................................62

2.5.4 Cartel Activities...............................................................62

2.5.5 Pricing Strategies and Price Discrimination ....................63

2.5.6 Externalities and Skewed Pricing ....................................64

2.6 Conclusion.................................................................................67

CHAPTER 3

GEO-BLOCKING IN EU COMPETITION LAW

3.1 Geo-Blocking in General ..........................................................72

3.1.1 Methods of Geo-Blocking ...............................................73

3.1.2 Distinction Between Justified and Unjustified GeoBlocking ..........................................................................76

3.1.3 The Circumvention of Geo-Blocking ..............................77

3.2 Geo-Blocking as Part of European Digital Single Market

Strategy.....................................................................................79

3.2.1 The Validity of Geo-Blocking Practices in EU

Cometition Law...............................................................80

3.2.1.1 Articles 101 and 102 TFEU ................................80

ix

3.2.1.2 EU Sources Related to Geo-Blocking Before the

Launch of the EU Digital Single Market

Strategy ...............................................................81

3.2.1.3 EU Sources Related to Geo-Blocking After the

Launch of the European Digital Single Market

Strategy ...............................................................82

3.2.1.4 The Regulation on Unjustified Geo-Blocking ....85

3.3 Geo-Blocking for Copyrighted Content: Competition vs.

Copyright ..................................................................................87

3.3.1 Sides of Online Multi-Sided Platforms which Include

Copyrighted Works as Content .......................................90

3.3.1.1 Consumer Definition in these Platform

Relationships.......................................................92

3.3.2 Reasons Why Geo-Blocking Should be Eliminated for

Copyrighted Content from an EU Competition Law

Perspective in Light of the Consumer Welfare Standard 93

3.3.2.1 Price.....................................................................97

3.3.2.2 Quality and Choice............................................101

3.3.2.4 Innovation..........................................................110

3.4 Language as a Natural Barrier for Cross-Border Trade of

Copyrighted Content...............................................................112

3.5 Conclusion...............................................................................114

CHAPTER 4

TYING AND BUNDLING IN EU

COMPETITION LAW

4.1 Tying and Bundling in General...............................................119

4.1.1 Methods of Tying and Bundling Practices ....................120

4.1.2 Impacts of Tying and Bundling Practices:

Anticompetitive vs Procompetitive...............................121

4.1.3 Main Criteria of Tying and Bundling ............................124

4.1.3.1 Difference Between Tying and Tied Goods or

Services.............................................................124

4.1.3.2 The Existence of the Dominant Position of an

Undertaking in the Market ................................125

4.1.3.3 The Existence of Compulsion or Coercion against

Consumers.........................................................126

x

4.1.3.4 Foreclosure of Competition in the Market ........126

4.1.3.5 No Legal Justification for the Practice..............127

4.2 Tying and Bundling in Online Multi-Sided Platform

Markets...................................................................................127

4.2.1 Sides of Online Multi-Sided Platforms which Apply

Tying and Bundling Practices.......................................128

4.2.1.1 Consumer Definition in these Platform

Relationships.....................................................131

4.2.2 The Consumer Welfare Standard in Online Multi-Sided

Platforms which Apply Tying and Bundling Practice ..133

4.2.2.1 Price...................................................................135

4.2.2.2 Quality and Choice............................................139

4.2.2.3 Innovation..........................................................144

4.3 The Need for Effect-Based Approach to Analyse Tying and

Bundling Practices in Online Multi-Sided Platforms.............146

4.4 Conclusion...............................................................................149

CHAPTER 5

MOST-FAVOURED-NATION CLAUSES IN EU

COMPETITION LAW*

5.1 MFN Clauses in General .........................................................153

5.1.1 Impacts of MFN Clauses: Anticompetitive vs

Procompetitive ..............................................................154

5.1.2 The Difference Between Traditional MFN Clauses and

Platform MFN Clauses..................................................157

5.1.2.1 The Distinct Types of Platform MFN Clauses..158

5.2 The Validity of MFN Clauses in EU Competition Law..........159

5.3 MFN Clauses in Online Multi-Sided Platforms......................165

5.3.1 Sides of Online Multi-Sided Platforms which Include

MFN Clauses.................................................................165

5.3.1.1 Consumer Definition in these Platform

Relations ...........................................................168

5.3.2 The Consumer Welfare Standard in Online Multi-Sided

Platforms which Include MFNs ....................................169

5.3.2.1 Price...................................................................173

5.3.2.2 Quality and Choice............................................179

5.3.2.3 Innovation..........................................................183

xi

5.4 A Discussion on Whether the Free-Riding Defence Can be Used

to Justify MFNs ......................................................................184

5.5 Conclusion...............................................................................188

CHAPTER 6

THE NEED FOR NEW RULES AND TOOLS, AND THE

PROPOSED DMA AS A NEW INSTRUMENT IN EU

COMPETITION LAW

6.1 Consumer Welfare Oriented Competition Analysis in Online

Multi-Sided Platform Markets................................................193

6.2 The Need for New Rules and Tools for the Application of

Competition Law to Online Multi-Sided Platform Markets...195

6.2.1 New Approach to EU Competition Policy in Applying

EU Competition Law to Online Multi-Sided Platform

Markets..........................................................................201

6.2.1.1 Online MSP is a Distinct Business Model ........201

6.2.1.2 End-Users Should be Treated as Consumers in

Online MSP Relationships................................202

6.2.1.3 Case-by-Case Analysis of Practices of Online

MSPs is Needed ................................................203

6.2.1.4 The Practices and Behaviour of Not Only

Dominant Undertakings but Also Other

Undertakings Should be Considered.................203

6.2.2 The General Characteristics of the Proposed Digital

Services Act and Digital Markets Act and The Place of

the Consumer Welfare Standard Therein ......................205

6.2.2.1 Geo-Blocking in the DMA................................211

6.2.2.2 Tying and Bundling in the DMA ......................212

6.2.2.3 MFN Clauses in the DMA ................................213

6.3 Conclusion...............................................................................214

CHAPTER 7

FINAL CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...........................................................................223



Articles

Ahlborn C; Evans D S.; Padilla, A, ‘The Antitrust Economics of

Tying: A Farewell to Per Se Illegality’, (2003), 49(1-2), The Antitrust

Bulletin, 287.

Akman P, ‘ ‘Consumer’ Versus ‘Customer’: The Devil in the Detail’, (2010), 37(2), Journal of Law and Society, 315.

Akman P, ‘A Competition Law Assessment of Platform Most-Favored-Customer Clauses’, (2016), 12(4), Journal of Competition Law

& Economics, 781.

Akman P, ‘The Theory of Abuse in Google Search: A Positive and

Normative Assessment Under EU Competition Law’, (2017), 2, Journal of Law, Technology and Policy, 301.

Akman P, ‘Online Platforms, Agency, and Competition Law: Mind

the Gap’, (2019), 43(2), Fordham International Law Journal, 209.

Akman P; Sokol, D D, ‘Online RPM and MFN Under Antitrust Law

and Economics’, (2017), 50, Review of Industrial Organization, 133.

Anjum A; More V S; Ghouri, A M, ‘Social Media Marketing: A

Paradigm Shift in Business’, 1(3), International Journal of Economics

Business and Management Studies – IJEBMS, 96.

Ardolino M; Saccani N; Perona M, ‘The Analysis of the MultiSided Platforms: Results from a Literature Review’, (2016), Proceedings of the Spring Servitization Conference, 1.

Armstrong M, ‘Competition in Two-Sided Markets’, (2006), 37(3),

the RAND Journal of Economics, 668.

Averitt N W; Lande R H, ‘Using the ‘Consumer Choice’ Approach

to Antitrust Law’, (2007), 74, Antitrust Law Journal, 175.

Baker J B, ‘Vertical Restraints with Horizontal Consequences:

Competitive Effects of “Most-Favored-Customer” Clauses’, (1996),

64(3), Antitrust Law Journal, 517.

224

Baker J B; Chevalier J A, ‘The Competitive Consequences of MostFavored-Nation Provisions’, (2013), 27(2), Antitrust, 20.

Baker J B; Scott Morton F, ‘Antitrust Enforcement against Platform

MFNs’, (2018), 127(7), Yale Law Journal, 2176.

Ballard D I; Naiki A S., ‘Algorithms, Artificial Intelligence, and

Joint Conduct’, (2017), 2, Antitrust Chronicle, 29.

Bamberger K A.; Lobel O, ‘Platform Market Power’, (2017),

32(1051), Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 1051.

Blair R D; Sokol D D, ‘Welfare Standards in U.S. and E.U. Antitrust

Enforcement’, (2013), 102(81), Fordham Law Review, 2497.

Boik A; Corts K S, ‘The Effects of Platform Most-Favored-Nation

Clauses on Competition and Entry’, (2016), 59, The Journal of Law and

Economics, 105.

Bolt W; Tieman A F, ‘Heavily Skewed Pricing in Two-Sided Markets’, (2008), 26, International Journal of Industrial Organization,

1250.

Bork R H; Sidal J G, ‘What Does the Chicago School Teach About

Internet Search and the Antitrust Treatment of Google?’, (2012), 8(4),

Journal of Competition Law & Economics, 663.

Bostoen F, ‘Most Favoured Nation Clauses: Towards an Assessment Framework under EU Competition Law’, (2017), 1(3), European

Competition and Regulatory Law Review (CoRe), 223.

Bostoen F, ‘Online Platforms and Pricing: Adapting Abuse of Dominance Assessments to the Economic Reality of Free Products’, (2019),

35, Computer Law & Security Review, 263.

Boudreau K J; Jeppesen L B, ‘Unpaid Crowd Complementors: The

Platform Network Effect Mirage’, (2015), 36, Strategic Management

Journal, 1761.

Bowman W S Jr, ‘Tying Arrangements and the Leverage Problem’,

(1957), 67(1), The Yale Law Journal, 19.

Bryman A, ‘Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Research:

How Is It Done?’, (2006), 6(1), Qualitative Research, 97.

Buccirossi P, 'Parity Clauses: Economic Incentives, Theories of

Harm and Efficiency Justifications', (2015), 1(3), Competition Law &

Policy Debate, 43.

225

Burke T, ‘Jumping the Wall: Geoblocking, Circumvention and the

Law’, (2017), 42(2), University of Western Australia Law Review, 56.

Caillaud B; Jullien B, ‘Chicken & Egg: Competition among Intermediation Service Providers’, (2003), 34(2), RAND Journal of Economics, 309.

Chen Y; Xie J, ‘Cross-Market Network Effect with Asymmetric

Customer Loyalty: Implications for Competitive Advantage’, (2007),

26(1), Marketing Science, 52.

Chirico F, ‘Digital Markets Act: A Regulatory Perspective’, (2021),

12(7), Journal of European Competition Law & Practice, 493.

Choi J P; Stefanadis C, ‘Tying, Investment, and the Dynamic Leverage Theory’, (2001), 32(1), The RAND Journal of Economics, 52.

Colangelo M, ‘Parity Clauses and Competition Law in Digital Marketplaces: The Case of Online Hotel Booking’ (2017), 8(1), Journal of

European Competition Law Practice, 3.

Colangelo G; Maggiolino M, ‘Applying Two-Sided Markets Theory: The MasterCard and American Express Decisions’, (2018), 14(1),

Journal of Competition Law & Economics, 115.

Colomo P I, ‘The Commission Investigation into Pay TV Services:

Open Questions’, (2014), 5(8), Journal of European Competition Law

& Practice, 531.

Colomo P I, ‘Article 101 TFEU and Market Integration’, (2016),

12(4), Journal of Competition Law and Economics, 749.

Colomo P I, ‘The Draft Digital Markets Act: A Legal and Institutional Analysis’, (2021), 12(7), Journal of European Competition Law

& Practice, 561.

Cseres K J, ‘The Controversies of the Consumer Welfare Standard’,

(2007), 3(2), The Competition Law Review, 121.

Daljord Ø; Sørgard L; Thomassen Ø, ‘The SSNIP Test and Market

Definition with the Aggregate Diversion Ratio: A Reply to Katz and

Shapiro’, (2007), 4(2), Journal of Competition Law & Economics, 263.

Daskalova V, ‘Consumer Welfare in EU Competition Law: What Is

It (Not) About?’, (2015), 11(1), The Competition Law Review, 133.

226

Dennis A J, ‘Potential Anticompetitive Effects of Most Favored Nation Contract Clauses in Managed Care and Health Insurance Contracts’, (1995), 4(1), Annals of Health Law, 71.

Dorsey E; Manne G A; Rybnicek J M; Stout K; Wright J D, ‘Consumer Welfare & the Rule of Law: The Case Against the New Populist

Antitrust Movement’, (2020), 47(861), Pepperdine Law Review, 861.

Earle S, ‘The Battle Against Geo-Blocking: The Consumer Strikes

Back’, (2016), 15(1), Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business, 1.

Edelman B, ‘Does Google Leverage Market Power Through Tying

and Bundling?’, (2015), 11(2), Journal of Competition Law & Economics, 365.

Elhauge E, ‘Tying, Bundled Discounts, and the Death of the Single

Monopoly Profit Theory’, (2009), 123(2), Harvard Law Review, 397.

Etro F; Caffara C, ‘On the Economics of the Android Case’, (2017),

European Competition Journal, 282.

Evans D S, ‘The Antitrust Economics of Multi-Sided Platform Markets’, (2003), 20(2), Yale Journal on Regulation, 327.

Evans D S, ‘Governing Bad Behavior by Users of Multi-Sided Platforms’, (2012), 27(2), Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 1201.

Evans D S; Noel M D, ‘The Analysis of Mergers That Involve Multisided Platform Businesses’, (2008), 3(4), Journal of Competition Law

& Economics, 663.

Evans D S; Schmalensee R, ‘The Industrial Organization of Markets

with Two-Sided Platforms’, (2007), 3(1), Competition Policy International, 151.

Evans D S; Schmalensee R, ‘Markets with Two-Sided Platforms’,

(2008), 1, Competition Law and Policy, 667.

Evans D S; Schmalensee R, ‘Network Effects: March to the Evidence, Not to the Slogans’, (2017), CPI Antitrust Chronicle,

<https://www.competitionpolicyinternational.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ CPI-Evans-Schmalensee.pdf> Accessed 15 January

2022.

Evans P, ‘Assessing Consumer Detriment’, (2007), 26(1), European

Competition Law Review, 26.

227

Ezrachi A, ‘The Competitive Effects of Parity Clauses on Online

Commerce’, (2015), 11(2-3), European Competition Journal, 488.

Fletcher A; Hviid M, ‘Broad Retail Price MFN Clauses: Are They

RPM “At Its Worst”?’, (2016), 81(1), Antitrust Law Journal, 65.

Franck J U; Peitz M, ‘Digital Platforms and the New 19a Tool in the

German Competition Act’, (2021), 12(7), Journal of European Competition Law & Practice, 513.

Gal M S; Rubinfeld D L, ‘The Hidden Costs of Free Goods: Implications for Antitrust Enforcement’, (2016), 80, Antitrust Law Journal, 521.

Gawer A; Henderson R, ‘Platform Owner Entry and Innovation in

Complementary Markets: Evidence from Intel’, (2007), 16(1), Journal

of Economics & Management Strategy, 1.

González-Díaz F E; Bennett M, ‘The Law and Economics of MostFavoured Nation Clauses’, (2015), 1(3), Competition Law & Policy Debate, 26.

Greenfield H I, ‘Consumer Inertia: A Missing Link?’, (2005), 64(4),

The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 1085.

Gürkaynak G; Güner A; Diniz S; Filson J, ‘Most-favored-nation

Clauses in Commercial Contracts: Legal and Economic Analysis and

Proposal for a Guideline’, (2016), 42, European Journal of Law and

Economics, 129.

Gürkaynak G; İnanılır Ö; Diniz S; Yaşar A G, ‘Multisided Markets

and the Challenge of Incorporating Multisided Considerations into

Competition Law Analysis’, (2016), 5, Journal of Antitrust Enforcement, 100.

Hagiu A; Wright J, ‘Marketplace or Reseller?’, (2015), 61(1), Management Science, 184.

Hagiu A; Wright J, ‘Multisided Platforms’, (2015), 43, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 162.

Hanley D A, ‘A Topology of Multisided Digital Platforms’, (2020),

19(2), Connecticut Public Interest Law Journal, 271.

Hänninen M; Smedlund A; Mitronen L, ‘Digitalization in Retailing:

Multi-Sided Platforms as Drivers of Industry Transformation’, (2018),

13(2), Baltic Journal of Management, 152.

228

Harrison J L, ‘Ohio v. American Express: Misunderstanding TwoSided Platforms; the Charge Card Market; and the Need for Procompetitive Justifications’, (2019), 70(2), Mercer Law Review, 437.

Heiner D A, ‘Assessing Tying Claims in the Context of Software

Integration: A Suggested Framework for Applying the Rule of Reason

Analysis’, (2005), 72, The University of Chicago Law Review, 123.

Holzweber S, ‘Market Definition for Multi-Sided Platforms: A Legal Reappraisal’, (2017), 40(4), World Competition, 563.

Holzweber S, ‘Tying and Bundling in the Digital Era’, (2018), 14(2-

3), European Competition Journal, 342.

Hoppner T, ‘Defining Markets for Multi-Sided Platforms: The Case

of Search Engines’, (2015), World Competition Law and Economics

Review, 349.

Hovenkamp H, ‘Antitrust and Information Technologies’, (2017),

68(2), Florida Law Review, 419.

Hovemkamp H, ‘The Rule of Reason’, (2018), 70, Florida Law Review, 81.

Hutchinson T; Duncan N, ‘Defining and Describing What We Do:

Doctrinal Legal Research’, (2012), 17(1), Deakin Law Review, 83.

Iacobucci E; Ducci F, ‘The Google Search Case in Europe: Tying

and the Single Monopoly Profit Theorem in Two-Sided Markets’,

(2019), 47, European Journal of Law and Economics, 15.

Innes R; Sexton R J, ‘Customer Coalitions, Monopoly Price Discrimination, and Generic Entry Deterrence’, (1993), 37, European Economic Review, 1569.

Kadar M, ‘European Union Competition Law in the Digital Era’,

(2015), 4, Zeitschrift für Wettbewerbsrecht, 342.

Katz M L; Shapiro C, ‘Network Externalities, Competition, and

Compatibility’, (1985), 75(3), The American Economic Review, 424.

Katz M L; Shelanski H A, ‘Mergers and Innovation’, (2006), 74(1),

Antitrust Law Journal, 1.

Kennedy J, ‘Why the Consumer Welfare Standard Should Remain

the Bedrock of Antitrust Policy’, (2018), Information Technology & Innovation Foundation, 1.

229

Khan L M, ‘Amazon’s Antitrust Paradox’, (2017), 126(3), The Yale

Law Journal, 710.

Khan L, ‘The New Brandeis Movement: America’s Antimonopoly

Debate’, (2018), 9(3), Journal of European Competition Law & Practice, 131.

Klein B; Crawford R G; Alchian A A, ‘Vertical Integration, Appropriable Rents and the Competitive Contracting Process’, (1978), 21(2),

The Journal of Law & Economics, 297.

Konishi H; Yurtseven Ç, ‘Market Share Regulations’, (2014), Japan

and the World Economy, 36.

Kra-Oz T, ‘Geoblocking and the Legality of Circumvention’,

(2017), 57(3), IDEA- The Journal of the Franklin Pierce Center for Intellectual Property, 383.

Li S, Liu Y, Bandyopadhyay, Subhajyoti, ‘Network Effects in

Online Two-Sided Market Platforms: A Research Note’, (2010), 49,

Decision Support Systems, 245.

Mahadevan B, ‘Business Models for Internet-Based E-Commerce’,

(2000), 42(4), California Management Review, 55.

Malik F; Asif M; Wali S, ‘Role of Social Media on Consumer Preferences’, (2016), 06(02), City University Research Journal, 256.

Mandrescu D, ‘Applying EU Competition law to Online Platforms:

The Road Ahead - Part 1’, (2017), 38(8), European Competition Law

Review, 353.

May E G, ‘A Retail Odyssey’, (1989), 65(3), Journal of Retaling,

356.

Maziarz A, ‘Tying and Bundling: Applying EU Competition Rules

for Best Practices’, (2013), 3(3), International Journal of Public Law

and Policy, 263.

McDonals A; Bernhard M; Valenta L; Vande Sloot B; Scoot W;

Sullivan N; Halderman J A; Ensafi R, ‘403 Forbidden: A Global View

of CDN Geoblocking’, (2018), Proceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference 2018, 218.

Mitronen L; Möller K, ‘Management of Hybrid Organisations: A

Case Study in Retailing’, (2003), 32(5), Industrial Marketing Management, 419.

230

Moisejevas R; Novosad A, ‘Some Thoughts Concerning The Main

Goals of Competition Law’, (2013), 20(2), Jurisprudence, 627.

Monti G; Coelho G, ‘Geo-Blocking Between Competition Law and

Regulation’, (2017), Competition Policy International Antitrust Chronicle,< https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/50264>, 1.

Møllgaard H P; Overgaard P B, ‘Market Transparency and Competition Policy’, (2001), 91(4), Rivista di Politica Economica, 11.

Muir J A; Van Oorschot P C, ‘Internet Geolocation: Evasion and

Counterevasion’, (2009), 42(1), ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), Article 4.

Muzellec L; Ronteau S; Lambkin M, ‘Two-Sided Internet Platforms: A Business Model Lifecycle Perspective’, (2015), 45, Industrial

Marketing Management, 139.

Nalebuff B, ‘Bundling as an Entry Barrier’, (2004), 119(1), Quarterly Journal of Business and Economics, 159.

Neven D J, ‘Competition Economics and Antitrust in Europe’,

(2006), 21(48), Economic Policy, 741.

Niazi G S K; Siddiqui J Shah B A; Hunjra A I, ‘Effective Advertising and its Influence on Consumer Buying Behavior’, (2012), 4(3), Information Management and Business Review, 114.

O'Connor D, ‘Understanding Online Platform Competition: Common Misunderstandings’, (2016), Issue of Internet Competition and

Regulation of Online Platforms, Competition Policy International, 9.

Odudu O; Bailey D, ‘The Single Economic Entity Doctrine in EU

Competition Law’, (2014), 51, Common Market Law Review, 1721.

Ondrus J; Gannamaneni A; Lyytinen K, ‘The Impact of Openness

on the Market Potential of Multi-Sided Platforms: A Case Study of Mobile Payment Platforms’, (2015), 30(3), Journal of Information Technology, 260.

Orbach B Y, ‘The Antitrust Consumer Welfare Paradox’, (2010),

7(1), Journal of Competition Law & Economics, 133.

Ordover J A, ‘Comments on Evans&Schmalensee’s ‘The Industrial

Organizations of Market with Two-Sided Platforms’ ’, (2007), 3(1),

Competition Policy International, 181.

231

Papandropoulos P, ‘Article 82: Tying and Bundling A Half Step

Forward?’, (2006), Competition Law Inside, 3.

Parmentier G; Gandia R, ‘Redesigning the Business Model: From

One-Sided to Multi-Sided’, (2017), 38(2), Journal of Business Strategy,

52.

Petit N, ‘The Proposed Digital Markets Act (DMA): A Legal and

Policy Review’, (2021), 12(7), Journal of European Competition Law

& Practice, 529.

Picht P G, ‘The EU Geo-Blocking Regulation from a Competition

Law Perspective’, (2020), 11(5-6), Journal of European Competition

Law & Practice, 244.

Posner R A, ‘The Chicago School of Antitrust Analysis’, (1979),

127, The Pennsylvania Law Review, 925.

Posner R A, ‘The Next Step in the Antitrust Treatment of Restricted

Distribution: Per Se Legality’, (1981), 48(6), The University of Chicago

Law Review, 6.

Pot E; Flesch J; Peeters R; Vermeulen D, ‘Dynamic Competition

with Consumer Inertia’, (2013), Journal of Mathematical Economics,

355.

Quintais J P, ‘The New Copyright in the Digital Single Market Directive: A Critical Look’, (2020), (1), European Intellectual Property

Review, 1.

Qureshi S, ‘Research Methodology in Law and Its Application to

Women’s Human Rights Law’, (2015), 22(2), Journal of Political Studies, 629.

Rochet J C; Tirole J, ‘Cooperation among Competitors: Some Economics of Payment Card Associations’, (2002), 33(4), The RAND Journal of Economics, 549.

Rochet, J C; Tirole J, ‘Platform Competition in Two-Sided Markets’, (2003), 1, Journal of the European Economic Association, 990.

Rochet J C; Tirole J, ‘Two-Sided Markets: A Progress Report’,

(2006), 37(3), The RAND Journal of Economics, 645.

Rogerson W P, ‘Contractual Solutions to the Hold-Up Problem’,

(1992), 59(4), Review of Economic Studies, 777.

232

Rosen S, ‘The Economics of Superstars’, (1981), 71(5), The American Economic Review, 845.

Rysman M, ‘The Economics of Two-Sided Markets’, (2009), 23(3),

Journal of Economic Perspectives, 125.

Salop S C, ‘Question: What is the Real and Proper Antitrust Welfare

Standard? Answer: The True Welfare Standard’, (2010), 22(3), Loyola

Consumer Law Review, 336.

Salop S C; Scott Morton F, ‘Developing an Administrable MFN Enforcement Policy’, (2013), 27(2), Antitrust, 15.

Sauter W, ‘Discrimination of Consumers in EU Competition Law’,

(2019), 40(11), European Competition Law Review, 511.

Schmalensee R, ‘Why is Platform Pricing Generally Highly

Skewed?’, (2011), 10(4), Review of Network Economics, 1.

Schmidt-Kessen M J, ‘EU Digital Single Market Strategy, Digital

Content and Geo- Blocking: Costs and Benefits of Partitioning EU’s

Internal Market’, (2018), 24(3), Columbia Journal of European Law,

561.

Schmitz P W, ‘The Hold-Up Problem and Incomplete Contracts: A

Survey of Recent Topics in Contract Theory’, (2001), 53(1), Bulletin of

Economic Research, 1.

Shampanier K; Mazar N; Ariely D, ‘Zero as a Special Price: The

True Value of Free Products’, (2007), 26(6), Marketing Science, 742.

Shelanski H A, ‘Information, Innovation and Competition Policy

for the Internet’, (2013), 161, University of Pennsylvania Law Review,

1663.

Spiegel U; Benzion U; Shavit T, ‘Free Product as a Complement or

Substitute for a Purchased Product—Does it Matter?’, (2011), 2, Modern Economy, 124.

Svantesson D J B, ‘How Does the Accuracy of Geo-Location Technologies Affect the Law’, (2008), 11(2), Masaryk University Journal of

Law and Technology, 11.

Tian L; Vakharia A J; Tan Y (R); Xu Y, ‘Marketplace, Reseller, or

Hybrid: Strategic Analysis of an E-Commerce Model’, (2018), 27(8),

Production and Operations Management, 1595.

233

Tikkinen-Piri C; Rohunen A; Markkula J, ‘EU General Data Protection Regulation: Changes and Implications for Personal Data Collecting Companies’, (2018), 34, Computer Law & Security Review,

134.

Tirole J, ‘The Analysis of Tying Cases: A Primer’, (2005), 1(1),

Competition Policy International, 1.

Todd P F, ‘Out of the Box: Illegal Tying and Google’s Suite of Apps

for the Android OS’, (2017), 13(1), European Competition Journal, 62.

Trimble M, ‘The Future of Cybertravel: Legal Implications of the

Evasion of Geolocation’, (2012), 22(3), Fordham Intellectual Property,

Media and Entertainment Law Journal, 567.

Trimble M, ‘Copyright and Geoblocking: The Consequences of

Eliminating Geoblocking’, (2019), 25(2), Boston University Journal of

Science and Technology Law, 476.

Tyler T R, ‘Methodology in Legal Research’, (2017), 13(3), Utrecht

Law Review, 130.

Vandenborre I; Frese M J, ‘The Role of Market Transparency in

Assessing MFN Clauses’, (2015), 38(3), World Competition, 333.

Vesala J, ‘Geoblocking Requirements in Online Distribution of

Copyright-Protected Content: Implications of Copyright Issues on Application of EU Antitrust Law’, (2017), 25(3), Michigan State International Law Review, 595.

Vick D W, ‘Interdisciplinarity and the Discipline of Law’, (2004),

31(2), Journal of Law and Society, 163.

Whelan P, ‘Legal Certainty and Cartel Criminalisation Within the

EU Member States’, (2012), 71(3), Cambridge Law Journal, 677.

Whinston M D, ‘Tying, Foreclosure, and Exclusion’, (1990), 80(4),

The American Economic Review, 837.

Zimmer D; Blaschczok M, ‘Most-Favoured-Customer Clauses and

Two-Sided Platforms’, (2014), 5(4), Journal of European Competition

Law & Practice, 187.

Books

Bork R H, The Anti-Trust Paradox: A Policy at War Itself, (Basic

Books Inc., New York, 1978).

234

Burr V, Social Constructionism, (Third Edition, Routledge, New

York, 2015).

Cooper L G; Nakanishi M, Market-Share Analysis, (3rd edition,

Kluwer Academic Publishers, London, 1993).

Ezrachi A; Stucke M E, Virtual Competition the Promise and Perils

of the Algorithm- Driven Economy, (Harvard University Press, USA,

2016).

Feiler L; Forgo N; Weigl M, The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): A Commentary, (GLP Globe Law and Business, Germany, 2018).

Gist R R, Basic Retailing Text and Cases, (John Wiley & Sons Inc,

Canada, 1971).

Jay R, Guide to the General Data Protection Regulation, (Sweet &

Maxwell Ltd, United Kingdom, 2017).

Johansson P O, An Introduction to Modern Welfare Economics,

(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991).

Jones A; Sufrin B, EU Competition Law Text, Cases and Materials,

(Sixth Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2016).

Koch J V, Industrial Organization and Prices, (Second Edition,

Prentice-Hall Int. Inc., London, 1980).

Mas-Colell A; Whinston M D; Green J R, Microeconomy Theory,

(Oxford University Press, New York, 1995).

Monti G, EC Competition Law, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007).

Mourya S K; Gupta S, E-Commerce, (Alpha Science International

Ltd, Oxford, 2015).

Myint H, Theories of Welfare Economics, (Publications of the London School of Economics, London, 1948).

O’Donoghue R; Padilla A J, The Law and Economics of Article 102

TFEU, (Third Edition, HART Publishing, Oxford and Portland, Oregon, 2020).

Petit N, Big Tech & the Digital Economy: The Moligopoly Scenario,

(Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2020).

235

Pigou A C, The Economics of Welfare, (R. & R. Clark, Edinburgh,

1920), <http://files.libertyfund.org/files/1410/Pigou_0316.pdf>, Accessed 15 January 2022.

Rodger B J; MacCulloch A, Competition Law and Policy in the EU

and UK, (5th Edition, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, Oxon,

2015).

Rosati E, Copyright and the Court of Justice of the European Union,

(Oxford University Press, 2019, Oxford).

Salter M; Mason J, Writing Law Dissertations: An Introduction and

Guide to the Conduct of Legal Research, (Pearson Longman, United

Kingdom, 2007).

Silverman D, Qualitative Research: Theory, Method and Practice,

(Second Edition, Sage Publications, London, 2004).

Sözer E G; Civelek M E; Çemberci M, Strategic Excellence in PostDigital Ecosystems: A B2C Perspective, (Zea Books, The University of

Nebraska–Lincoln Libraries, 2018).

Twinning W; Miers D, How to Do Things with Rules, (Fifth Edition,

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010).

Weatherill S, EU Consumer Law and Policy, (Second Edition, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, UK, 2013).

Whish R; Bailey D, Competition Law, (Ninth Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2018).

Chapter of Edited Books

Aghion P; Akcigit U, ‘Innovation and Growth: The Schumpeterian

Perspective’ in Laszlo Matyas; Richard Blundell; Estelle Cantillon;

Barbara Chizzolini; Luigi Bocconi; Marc Ivaldi; Ramon Marimon;

Frode Steen (eds), Economics without Borders Economic Research for

European Policy Challenges, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2017).

Albæk S, ‘Consumer Welfare in EU Competition Policy’ in Caroline Heide- Jørgensen; Christian Bergqvist; Ulla Neergaard; Sune Troels Poulsen (eds), Aims and Values in Competition Law, (Djøf Forlag,

Copenhagen, 2013).

Ashraf C; Alvarez L, Luis F, ‘The Logics and Territorialities of

Geoblocking’ in Ramon Lobato; James Meese (eds), Geoblocking and

236

Global Video Culture, (Institute of Network Cultures, Amsterdam,

2016).

Barnard C; Peers S, ‘Introduction’ in Catherine Barnard; Steve

Peers (eds), European Union Law, (Second Edition, Oxford University

Press, Oxford, 2017).

Barwise P; Watkins L, ‘The Evolution of Digital Dominance How

and Why We Got to GAFA’, in Martin Moore; Damian Tambini (eds),

Digital Dominance The Power of Google, Amazon, Facebook, and Apple, (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2018).

Brennen J S; Kreiss D, ‘Digitalization’ in Klaus Bruhn Jensen; Robert T. Craig (eds), The Wiley Blackwell-ICA International Encyclopedia

of Communication Theory and Philosophy, (John Wiley & Sons, US,

2016).

Cleynenbreugel P V, ‘Innovation in Competition Law Analysis:

Making Sense of On- Going Academic and Policy Debate’ in Paul Nihoul; Pieter Van Cleynenbreugel (eds), The Roles of Innovation in Competition Law Analysis (ASCOLA Competition Law Series), (Edward Elgar Publishing, United Kingdom, 2018).

Colangelo M, ‘Competition Law and Most Favoured Nation

Clauses in Online Markets’ in Klaus Methis; Avishalom Tor (eds.),

New Developments in Competition Law and Economics, (Springer,

Switzerland, 2019).

Dobinson I; Johns F, ‘Qualitative Legal Research’ in Mike

McConville; Wing Hong Chui (eds), Research Methods for Law, (Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2007).

Harper D, ‘Choosing a Qualitative Research Method’ in David Harper; Andrew R. Thompson (eds), Qualitative Research Methods in

Mental Health and Psychotherapy A Guide for Students and Practitioners, (Wiley-Blackwell, United Kingdom, 2012).

Howells G, ‘European Consumer Law’ in Catherine Barnard; Steve

Peers (eds), European Union Law, (Second Edition, Oxford University

Press, Oxford, 2017).

Hutchinson T, ‘Doctrinal Research: Researching the Jury’ in Dawn

Watkins; Mandy Burton (eds), Research Methods in Law, (Routledge,

Oxon, 2013).

237

Kouppamäki P, ‘Tying and Two-Sided Digital Platforms’, in Paul

Nihoul; Pieter Van Cleynenbreugel (eds), The Roles of Innovation in

Competition Law Analysis (ASCOLA Competition Law Series), (Edward Elgar Publishing, United Kingdom, 2018).

MacCulloch A, ‘The Consumer and Competition Law’ in Geraint

Howells; Iain Ramsay; Thomas Wilhelmsson (eds), Handbook of Research on International Consumer Law, (Second Edition, Edvard Elgar

Publishing, UK, 2018).

Moore M; Tambini D, ‘Introduction’, in Martin Moore; Damian

Tambini (eds), Digital Dominance the Power of Google, Amazon, Facebook, and Apple, (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2018).

Oliver P; Martinez Navarro M, ‘Free Movement of Goods’ in Catherine Barnard; Steve Peers (eds), European Union Law, (Second Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2017).

Trimble M, ‘Extraterritorial Enforcement of National Laws in Connection with Online Commercial Activity’, in John A. Rothchild (eds),

Research Handbook on Electronic Commerce Law, (Edward Elgar

Publishing, UK, 2016).

Trimble M, ‘Geoblocking, Technical Standards and the Law’ in Ramon Lobato; James Meese (eds), Geoblocking and Global Video Culture, (Institute of Network Cultures, Amsterdam, 2016).

Trimble M, ‘Geoblocking and ‘Legitimate Trade’ ‘ in Christopher

Heath; Anselm Kamperman Sanders; Anke Moerland (eds), Intellectual

Property Rights as Obstacles to Legitimate Trade?, (Wolters Kluwer,

The USA, 2018).

European Commission Communications

European Commission, A Digital Single Market Strategy for Europe, COM(2015), 192 final, < https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal- content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52015DC0192&from=EN >, Accessed 15 January 2022.

European Commission, Commission Communication on Parallel

Imports of Proprietary Medicinal Products Frequently Asked Questions, (2004), <https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_04_7>, Accessed 15 January 2022.

238

European Commission, Commission Staff Working Document with

a View to Establishing Guidance on the Application of Article 20(2) of

Directive, (2012), 146, < https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal- content/ EN/

TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52012SC0146&from=EN>, Accessed 15 January 2022.

European Commission, Commission Staff Working Document:

Online Platforms, SWD(2016), 172 final, < https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal- content/EN/TXT/ PDF/? uri=CELEX: 52016SC0172

&from=EN> Accessed 15 January 2022.

European Commission, Commission Staff Working Document Evaluation of the Vertical Block Exemption Regulation, SWD(2020) 172

final, < https://ec.europa.eu/ competition/consultations/2 018_

vber/staff_working_docume nt.pdf>, Accessed 15 January 2022.

European Commission, Online Platforms and the Digital Single

Market Opportunities and Challenges for Europe, COM(2016), 288 final, < https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal- content/EN/TXT/PDF/? uri=

CELEX:52016DC0288&from=EN>, Accessed 15 January 2022.

European Commission, Final report on the E-commerce Sector Inquiry, COM(2017) 229 final, < https://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/sector_inquiry_final_report_en.pdf>, Accessed 15 January 2022.

European Commission, 2018 Edition Consumer Markets Scoreboard, (Publications Office of the European Union, 2018), <https://ec.

europa.eu/info/sites /info/files/consumer-markets-scoreboard-2018_

en_ 0.pdf >, Accessed 15 January 2022.

Guidelines

European Commission, Guidelines on the Application of Article

101(3) TFEU (formerly Article 81(3) TEC), [2004], OJ C101/97.

European Commission, Guidance on the Commission’s Enforcement Priorities in Applying Article 82 of the EC Treaty to Abusive Exclusionary Conduct by Dominant Undertakings, [2009], OJ C 45/02.

European Commission, Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, [2010],

OJ C 130.

Speeches

Laitenberger J, ‘Enforcing EU Competition Law: Principles, Strategy and Objectives’, speech at Fordham University, 44th Annual

239

Conference on International Antitrust Law and Policy, New York City,

15 September 2017.

Laitenberger J, ‘EU Competition Law in Innovation and Digital

Markets: Fairness and the Consumer Welfare Perspective’, speech at

MLex / Hogan Lovells Event, Brussels, 10 October 2017, <

https://ec.europa.eu/competition/speeches/text/sp2017_15_en.pdf>,

Accessed 15 January 2022.

Vestager M, ‘Competition in a Digital Age: Changing Enforcement

for Changing Times’, speech at ASCOLA Annual Conference, 26 June

2020, < https://ec.europa.eu/commission/commissioners/2019- 2024/

vestager/announcements/competition-digital-age-changing-enforcement- changing-times_en>, Accessed 15 January 2022.

Statistics and Surveys

Data Hub, ‘Search Engine Market Shares’, < https://datahub.io/rufuspollock/search- engine-market-shares/view/0>, Accessed

15 January 2022.

Eurostat, ‘E-commerce Statistics’, (2018), < https://ec.europa.eu/

eurostat/statistics- explained/index.php?title=E-commerce_ statistics>,

Accessed 15 January 2022.

Eurostat, ‘The Data of Internet Purchases by Individuals

(isoc_ec_ibuy)’, (2019), <http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/ nui/

show.do?dataset=isoc_ec_ibuy&lang=en>, Accessed 15 January 2022.

Eurostat, ‘Social Media – Statistics on the Use by Enterprises’,

(2020),<https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Social_media_-_statistics_on_the_use_by_enterprises>,

Accessed 15 January 2022.

Eurostat, ‘E-commerce Statistics for Individuals’, (2021),

<https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Ecommerce_statistics_for_individuals#General_overview>, Accessed

15 January 2022.

International Post Corporation, ‘Cross-Border E-Commerce Shopper Survey 2018’, (2019), <https://www.ipc.be/services/markets-andregulations/cross-border- shopper-survey>, Accessed 15 January 2022.

240

Pew Research Center, ‘Social Media Use in 2018’, (2018), <

https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/03/01/social-media-usein-2018/ >, Accessed 15 January 2022.

PwC, Website (primaonline.it). n.d. ‘E-book Sales as a Percentage

of Total Book Sales Worldwide in 2013 and 2018’, (2019),

<https://www.statista.com/statistics/234106/e-book-market-shareworldwide/>, Accessed 15 January 2022.

Statista, ‘The 100 largest companies in the world by market value

in 2019 (in billion U.S. dollars)’, (2019), Statista – the Statistics Portal,

< https://www.statista.com/statistics/263264/top-companies-in-theworld-by- market-value/,> Accessed 15 January 2022.

Tankovska, H. ‘Number of Social Network Users Worldwide from

2017 to 2025 (in billions)’, (2021), < https://www.statista.com/statistics/278414/number-of- worldwide-social-network-users/>, Accessed

15 January 2022.

Working Papers

Akman P, ‘To Abuse, or not to Abuse: Discrimination Between

Consumers’, (2006), 06(18), ESRC Centre for Competition Policy University of East Anglia CCP Working Paper Series.

Akman P; Garrod L, ‘When Are Excessive Prices Unfair?’, (2010),

10(4), ESRC Centre for Competition Policy University of East Anglia

CCP Working Paper Series.

Auer D; Hurwitz J (Gus); Manne G A; Morris J; Stout K, ‘Antitrust

Law and The Consumer Welfare Standard’, (2018), P181201, FTC Hearings on Competition & Consumer Protection in the 21st Century Series.

Auer D; Manne G A; Portuese A; Schrepel T, ‘Why Sound Law and

Economics Should Guide Competition Policy in the Digital Economy’,

(2018), International Center for Law & Economics Working Paper Series.

Belleflamme P; Lam W M W; Vergote W, ‘Competitive Imperfect

Price Discrimination and Market Power’, (2019), 7964, CESifo Working Papers Series.

Bourne R, ‘Is This Time Different? Schumpeter, the Tech Giants,

and Monopoly Fatalism’, (2019), 872, Cato Institute Policy Analysis.

241

Carlton D W; Waldman M, ‘The Strategic Use of Tying to Preserve

and Create Market zsomic Research (NBER) Working Paper Series.

Cass R A, ‘Antitrust for High-Tech and Low: Regulation, Innovation, and Risk’, (2012), 12, Boston University School of Law Law &

Economics Working Paper Series.

Choi J P; Jeon D S, ‘A Leverage Theory of Tying in Two-Sided

Markets’, (2016), 11484, CEPR Discussion Paper.

Coyle D, ‘Practical Competition Policy Implications of Digital Platforms’, (2018), 01/2018, Bennett Institute for Public Policy Working

Paper Series.

Diacon P E; Donici G A, ‘Increasing Market Transparency: The

Role Of The Internet And E-Commerce’, (2013), 5(2), Centre for European Studies (CES) Working Papers, 187.

Duch-Brown N, ‘The Competitive Landscape of Online Platforms’,

(2017), 4, JRC Digital Economy Working Paper Series.

Economides N, ‘Competition Policy in Network Industries: An Introduction’, (2004), 04(23), The Networks, Electronic Commerce, and

Telecommunications (“NET”) Institute Working Paper Series.

European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), ‘Geo-blocking

of Non Audio-visual Digital Media Content in the EU Digital Single

Market’, (2017), 02, JRC Digital Economy Working Paper Series,

< https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/jrcsh/files/jrc106520.pdf > Accessed 15

January 2022.

Evans D S, ‘Multi-Sided Platforms, Dynamic Competition, and The

Assessment of Market Power for Internet-Based Firms’, (2016), 753,

The University of Chicago Coase- Sandor Institute for Law and Economics Working Paper Series.

Evans D S; Schmalensee, Richard, ‘The Antitrust Analysis of Multisided Platform Businesses’, (2012), 623, Chicago Institute for Law

and Economics Working Paper Series.

Ezrachi A, ‘EU Competition Law Goals and the Digital Economy’,

(2018), 17/2018, Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper Series.

Filistrucchi L, ‘A SSNIP Test for Two-Sided Markets: The Case of

Media’, (2008), 08-34, NET Institute Working Paper Series.

242

Filistrucchi L; Geradin D; Damme E V; Affeldt P, ‘Market Definition in Two-Sided Markets: Theory and Practice’, (2013), 09/2013, Tilburg Law School Legal Studies Research Paper Series.

Fishman A; Rob R, ‘Consumer Inertia, Firm Growth and Industry

Dynamics’, (2002), 02- 034, Penn Institute for Economic Research

(PIER) Working Paper Series.

Geradin D; Petit N, ‘Price Discrimination under EC Competition

Law: The Need for a case by-case Approach’, (2005), 07/05, The

Global Competition Law Centre (GCLC) Working Papers Series.

Halaburda H; Yehezkel Y, ‘Platform Competition under Asymmetric Information’, (2011), 11-080, Harward Business School Working

Paper Series.

Hamelmann L; Klein G J, ‘Removing Geo-Blocking: What are the

Effects on Innovation for Vertically Differentiated Goods?’, (2017),

100, Center of Applied Economic Research Münster (CAWM) Working

Paper Series.

Hovenkamp H J, ‘On the Meaning of Antitrust's Consumer Welfare

Principle’, (2020), Penn Law: Legal Scholarship Repository.

Jullien B, ‘Price Skewness and Competition in Multi-Sided Markets’, (2008), 504, Institut d'Économie Industrielle (IDEI) Working Papers Series.

Jullien B; Sand-Zantman V, ‘The Economics of Platforms: A Theory Guide for Competition Policy’, (2020), 8463, CESifo Working Paper Series.

MacKay A; Remer M, ‘Consumer Inertia and Market Power’,

(2019), 19-111, Harvard Business School Working Paper Series.

Schmidt H K, ‘Taming the Shrew: There’s No Need for a New Market Power Definition for the Digital Economy’, (2017), 17, Stockholm

Faculty of Law Research Paper Series.

Spulber D F; Yoo C S, ‘Antitrust, the Internet, and the Economics

of Networks’, (2013), 13(36), University of Pennsylvania Law School

Institute for Law and Economics Research Paper Series.

Stucke M E; Steinbaum M, ‘The Effective Competition Standard: A

New Standard for Antitrust’, (2019), 367, University of Tennessee Legal Studies Research Paper Series.

243

Trusov M; Bucklin R E; Pauwels K H, ‘Effects of Word-of-Mouth

Versus Traditional Marketing: Findings from an Internet Social Networking Site’, (2008), 06-065, University of Maryland Robert H. Smith

School of Business Working Paper Series.

Vezzoso S, ‘Competition by Design’, (2017), Stockholm Faculty of

Law Research Paper Series.

Yu P K, ‘A Seamless Global Digital Marketplace of Entertainment

Content’, (2016), 17(45), Texas A&M University Law School Legal

Studies Research Paper Series.

Yu P K, ‘A Hater’s Guide to Geoblocking’, (2019), 19(12), Texas

A&M University Law School Legal Studies Research Paper Series

Yorum Yap

Lütfen yorum yazmak için oturum açın ya da kayıt olun.