Özel Askeri Şirketler

İÇİNDEKİLER

İÇİNDEKİLER ......................................................................................................

ŞEKİLLERİN LİSTESİ.........................................................................................

TABLOLAR LİSTESİ...........................................................................................

SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR........................................................................

1. GİRİŞ ...............................................................................................................

2. ÖZELASKERİ ŞİRKETLER: KAVRAM, TARİH, ANALİZ...................

2.1. Kavram ......................................................................................................

2.1.1. Özel Askeri Şirket/Paralı Askerlik Kavram Tipolojisi ...................

2.1.1.1. Askeri savaş şirketleri........................................................

2.1.1.2. Askeri danışmanlık şirketleri.............................................

2.2. Tarih ...........................................................................................................

2.2.1. Paralı Askerlik ................................................................................

2.3. Analiz ........................................................................................................

2.3.1. Paralı Askerlikten Özel Askeri Şirketlere Geçişin Tarihsel 

Perspektifi .......................................................................................

2.3.2. 19. Yüzyıl’dan Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Döneme Kadar Paralı 

Askerlik Uygulamasının Ortadan Kalkmasının Nedenleri.............

2.3.3. İki Kutuplu Sistemden Çok Kutuplu Sisteme Geçişin Özel 

Askeri Şirketlerin Yeniden Ortaya Çıkmasına Etkisi .....................

2.3.4. Özel Askeri Şirket Piyasasının Oluşması .......................................

2.3.5. Özel Askeri Şirketlerin Devletler Açısından Fayda ve 

Riskleri............................................................................................

2.3.6. Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Paralı Askerlik Uygulamasının 

Yeniden Oluşmasının Aktör Merkezli Temel Nedenleri.................

3. KUVVET KULLANMA TEKELİ OLARAK DEVLET, EGEMENLİK

VE ŞİDDET İLİŞKİSİ....................................................................................

3.1. Devlet Nedir?.............................................................................................

3.1.1. Uluslararası Hukuk Kişisi Olarak Devlet .......................................

vi

3.2. Egemenlik..................................................................................................

3.2.1. İç ve Dış Egemenlik Ayrımı ............................................................

3.2.1.1. İç egemenlik ......................................................................

3.2.1.2. Dış egemenlik ....................................................................

3.2.2. Tarihten Günümüze Egemenliğin ve Egemenin Dönüşümü ..........

3.2.2.1. Egemenliğin rıza/zor yoluyla paylaşımının temel 

 faktörleri ............................................................................

3.3. Şiddet ........................................................................................................

3.3.1. Meşru Şiddetin Kaynağı Olarak Devlet ve Ötesi ...........................

3.3.1.1. Şiddetin tanımı ve siyasal şiddet .......................................

3.3.1.2. Meşru şiddet tekeli olarak devlet.......................................

3.3.1.2.1. Hukuk devleti-polis devleti ...............................

3.3.1.2.2. Devletin şiddet kullanma araçları......................

3.3.1.2.2.1. Düzenli ordular ve zorunlu askerlik ...............

3.3.1.2.2.2. Uluslararası askeri operasyonlar....................

3.3.2. Devlet dışı şiddet araçları ve mahiyeti............................................

3.3.2.1. Devlet dışı şiddet araçları ..................................................

3.3.3. Şiddetin devlet dışı aktörlerce uygulanması ve 

egemenliğin dönüşümü sorunsalı ...................................................

3.3.3.1. Makbul-menfi şiddet..........................................................

3.3.4. Şiddetin sınıraşan yönü savaş: yeni tehdit-yeni yöntem..................

3.3.4.1. Hibrit savaş........................................................................

4. MODERN ULUSLARARASI HUKUKTA ÖZELASKERİ

ŞİRKETLERİN STATÜSÜ: HUKUKİ VE ETİK TARTIŞMALAR .........

4.1. Uluslararası Hukukta Özel Askeri Şirketler ..............................................

4.1.1. Paralı Askerlikten Özel Askeri Şirkete Geçişin Temel 

Parametreleri: Politika ve Hukuk Perspektifi .................................

4.1.2. Uluslararası Hukukun Konusu Olarak Özel Askeri

Şirketler: Konumlandırılma Meselesi.............................................

4.1.2.1. Uluslararası hukuk düzenlemeleri bağlamında 

 özel askeri şirket personeli paralı asker midir 

vii

 sorunsalı.............................................................................

4.2. Uluslararası Hukukun Özel Askeri Şirketlere 

Uygulanması..............................................................................................

4.2.1. İnsancıl Hukuk Yönüyle Özel Askeri Şirketler ..............................

4.2.1.1. 1949 Cenevre sözleşmesi ek protokol 1 bağlamında 

 özel askeri şirket personelinin silahlı çatışmalar 

 hukukundaki yeri ..............................................................

4.2.1.1.1. Muharip statüsünün özel askeri şirket 

 personellerine tanınabilirliği meselesi............................

4.2.1.1.2. Orduya refakat eden statüsünün özel askeri 

 şirketleri kapsaması tartışması........................................

4.2.2. Devletin Uluslararası Sorumluluğu .................................................

4.2.2.1. Devletin sorumluluğu ........................................................

4.2.2.2. Özel askeri şirketlerin eylemleri çerçevesinde 

 devletin sorumluluğu .........................................................

4.2.2.3. Güvenlik kuvvetlerin demokratik kontrolü sorunu ...........

4.2.3. İç Hukuk Bağlamında Devlet-Özel Askeri Şirket İlişkisinin 

Kurulması .......................................................................................

4.2.3.1. Sözleşme............................................................................

4.2.3.2. Kayıt ya da lisans...............................................................

4.2.3.3. Denetim ve yaptırım..........................................................

4.2.4. Uluslararası Ceza Hukukunda Özel Askeri Şirketlerin 

Konumlandırılması .........................................................................

4.2.4.1 Bireysel cezai sorumluluk bağlamında özel askeri 

 şirketlerin uluslararası ceza hukukunun konusunu

 teşkil etmesi ........................................................................

4.2.4.1.1. Savaş suçlarının faili olarak özel askeri şirketler ...........

4.2.5. Özel Askeri Şirketlerin Meşruiyet Dayanakları..............................

4.2.5.1. Normatif Meşruiyet ...........................................................

4.2.5.2. Etik Meşruiyet ...................................................................

4.2.5.3. Politik Meşruiyet ...............................................................

viii

4.3. Özel Askeri Şirketlerin Meşru Müdafaa Kapsamında 

Güç Kullanımı ...........................................................................................

5. AKTÖR VE ALAN MERKEZLİ KARŞILAŞTIRMALI

UYGULAMA ÖRNEKLERİ..........................................................................

5.1. ABD Örneği...............................................................................................

5.2. Rusya Örneği.............................................................................................

5.3. Uluslararası Örgütler Örneği .....................................................................

5.3.1. Birleşmiş Milletler..........................................................................

5.3.2. Avrupa Birliği .................................................................................

5.4. Afrika Örneği.............................................................................................

5.4.1. Uluslararası Aktörlerin Afrika Politikalarında Özel Askeri 

Şirketler ..........................................................................................

5.4.2. Yerel İktidarların İç Politika Hedefleri Bağlamında 

Özel Askeri Şirketler ......................................................................

6. SONUÇ VE DEĞERLENDİRME.................................................................

KAYNAKÇA ......................................................................................................

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