| Kitap Künyesi | |
| Yazar | Savaş TURAN |
| Baskı Tarihi | 2022/05 |
| Baskı Sayısı | 1 |
| Boyut | 16x24 cm (Standart Kitap Boyu) |
| Cilt | Karton kapak |
| Sayfa Sayısı | 368 |
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti ve azınlıkları arasındaki ilişki karmaşık ve çoğu zaman tartışmalıdır. Bu nedenle azınlık hakları sıklıkla Türkiye’nin AB üyeliğinin önünde bir engel olarak kabul görür. Türkiye’de azınlık haklarının tanınmasına ve korunmasına yönelik yasal bir çerçevenin oluşturulmasının önündeki başlıca engellerden biri, anayasal vatandaşlığın dar yorumlanmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu tanımlama ulus-devlet ilkeleriyle sıkı sıkıya sınırlandırılmıştır. Bu anayasal modelde vatandaşlık kavramı, ulus ve azınlıklar arasındaki ilişkiyi çatışmalı bir zemine taşımaktadır. Ulusdevlet modelinde vatandaşlık, farklılıkların anayasal kimliği altına bürünmesini tasarlar; burada milliyet kavramı, etnik farklılıkların yasal bir statü kazandığı tarafsız bir zemin işlevi görmez. Azınlıkların ulusun öznesi olabilmeleri, ulusal kimliği kayıtsız şartsız kabul etmelerine bağlıdır. Dolayısıyla bu süreçte anayasal vatandaşlık azınlıkların kendilerine özgü kimlik taleplerine karşı dışlayıcı bir karakter kazanır. Lakin bu projede, sayıca çoğunluğu oluşturan etnik kimliğin devlet düzeyinde desteklenen ve kurumsallaşan bir özerklik kazanması kaçınılmaz olur. Sonuç olarak, zamanla ulusal kimlik ve buna bağlı olarak anayasal vatandaşlık, sayıca çoğunluğu oluşturan etnik kimliğin karakteristiklerini esas almaya başlar. Bu tez, AB üyeliği şartlarının Türkiye’de en büyük azınlık grubu üzerindeki etkisini yasal bir çerçevede inceleyecektir. Sonuç olarak bu çalışma Türklük ve milliyetçilik gibi anayasal ilkelerin AB müktesebatında yer alan azınlık haklarından yararlanmaya ilişkin yasal düzenleme alanını büyük ölçekte daralttığını ortaya koyacaktır.
Minority rights is frequently perceived as a barrier to Turkey’s EU accession. The relationship between Turkey and its minorities is complex and often controversial. One of the primary obstacles for the establishment of a legal framework to recognize and protect minority rights in Turkey emerges from a narrow interpretation of the constitutional citizenship. It has been strictly confined to the principles of nation-state. The problematic nature of the concept of citizenship in this constitutional model stems from the relationship between the nation and minorities. In a nation-state model, citizenship contemplates the submerging of differences into an all-inclusive constitutional identity, where the legal notion of nationality neither elaborates nor functions as a neutral ground under which ethnic differences gain a legal status. In this project, the dominant identity cannot escape from being institutionalised, where its particular traits emerge as the only identity characteristics promoted at the state level. As a consequence, the national-identity, and by extension the constitutional citizenship, is overwhelmed by the dominant identity. Ergo, the constitutional citizenship gains an exclusionary character since access by minorities into the national community is conditioned upon their unreserved acceptance of the national identity. This thesis will, therefore, examine the impact of EU membership conditionality on the largest minority group in Turkey from a legal point of view. While the study will demonstrate a degree of contribution it will also reveal that the crucial features of the constitutional principles of Turkishness and nationalism has narrowed the legal space for the enjoyment of minority rights set forth by the EU minority acquis.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
KİTAP HAKKINDA .......................................................................................................... 5
ABOUT THE BOOK......................................................................................................... 6
ÖZET ............................................................................................................................. 7
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... 8
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ 9
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. 11
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................. 17
TABLE OF CASES.......................................................................................................... 19
INTRODUCTION
1. AN OVERVIEW OF THE THESIS .............................................................................. 31
2. SETTING THE RESEARCH QUESTION ..................................................................... 37
3. BREAKDOWN OF CHAPTERS ................................................................................. 42
Chapter 1
SETTING THE STANDARDS - I
THE EU’s MINORITY PROTECTION FRAMEWORK AND
ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ACCESSION PROCESS
1.1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................47
1.2. INNOVATIONS INTRODUCED BY THE TREATY OF LISBON................................49
1.2.1. Minority Protection as a Foundational Principle under EU Primary
Law .......................................................................................................... 50
1.2.2. The Charter of Fundamental Rights ........................................................ 53
1.2.3. Preventive Measures Pursuant to Article 7 TEU ..................................... 59
1.3. CONVERGENCE WITH EU MINORITY POLICIES AS AN ACCESSION
PRECONDITION ............................................................................................64
1.3.1. Redefining EU Accession Conditions ....................................................... 65
1.3.2. Minority Rights as an Accession Condition ............................................. 72
1.3.3. Progressive Rights and the Limits of EU Minority Policies ...................... 78
1.4. CONCLUSION................................................................................................83
12 Table of Contents
Chapter 2
SETTING THE STANDARDS - II
BINDING EUROPEAN MINORITY RIGHTS
2.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................87
2.2. MINORITIES: A DEFINITIONAL DILEMMA .......................................................88
2.2.1. Deconstructing the Term ‘Minorities’......................................................89
(i) Objective Elements ...........................................................................91
Numerical Inferiority .........................................................................91
Non-dominance.................................................................................91
Nationality.........................................................................................92
Distinct ethnic, religious or linguistic characteristics ........................94
(ii) Subjective Element: Sense of Solidarity ............................................94
2.2.2. National Minorities: A European Concept of Minorities..........................95
2.3. DETERMINING THE LIMITS OF CONTEMPORARY MINORITY PROTECTION .......96
2.3.1. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and its
Minority Rights Related Provisions ..........................................................98
2.3.2. Council of Europe Instruments with Provisions Concerning
Minority Rights.......................................................................................103
2.3.2.1. European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) ....................104
2.3.2.1.1. The ECHR as a Minority Protection
Instrument............................................................104
2.3.2.1.2. ECHR and the Principle of Non-
Discrimination ......................................................108
2.3.2.2. Framework Convention for the Protection of National
Minorities (FCNM) .................................................................117
2.3.2.2.1. The Framework Convention and the
Definitional Dilemma...........................................118
2.3.2.2.2. The ‘Individual’ or the ‘Collective’ as the
Subject of Minority Rights Under FCNM ..............121
2.3.2.2.3. Margin of Appreciation and the Monitoring
Mechanism...........................................................124
2.4. LEVELLING THE PLAYING FIELD: SPECIAL MINORITY RIGHTS IN THE
COURSE OF EU ACCESSION PROCESS ...........................................................127
2.4.1. Minority Participation in Public Life.......................................................128
2.4.2. Right to Preserve Minority Culture ........................................................133
2.4.3. Minority Linguistic Rights.......................................................................137
2.4.4. Right to Education in Minority Languages .............................................143
2.5. CONCLUSION..............................................................................................149
Table of Contents 13
Chapter 3
SETTING THE STANDARDS - III
THE KURDISH MINORITY IN TURKEY
3.1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................... 151
3.2. THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE KURDISH QUESTION IN TURKEY ..... 153
3.2.1. The Kurdish Identity in a Historical Context.......................................... 153
3.2.2. Kurds in Turkey: A National Minority under International Law?........... 157
3.2.3. The Treaty of Lausanne and the Declaration of the Republic of
Turkey.................................................................................................... 163
3.2.4. Kurds under the Rigid Centralised System of Governance.................... 167
3.3. TURKEY AS A UNITARY NATION AND STATE................................................. 172
3.3.1. ‘Turkishness’ as Constitutional Citizenship ........................................... 172
3.3.2. Turkish Nationalism and the State Sponsored Assimilation Policies..... 178
3.3.3. The Principle of Nation-State and the Judicial Reaction to Minority
Rights..................................................................................................... 182
3.4. CONCLUSION.............................................................................................. 191
Chapter 4
SETTING THE STANDARDS - IV
TURKEY’S EU INTEGRATION:
THE PROSPECTS OF A NEW MINORITY REGIME?
4.1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................... 195
4.2. THE COURSE OF TURKEY’S EU INTEGRATION ............................................... 196
4.2.1. The ‘Ankara Agreement’ ....................................................................... 196
4.2.2. Turkey’s EU Membership Application ................................................... 199
4.3. TURKEY’S PATH TOWARDS EU CANDIDATURE ............................................. 202
4.3.1. Legal Transformation in Conformity with the Copenhagen Political
Criteria................................................................................................... 202
4.3.2. Revisiting Turkey’s Reforms in the Course of pre-Accession
Negotiations .......................................................................................... 206
4.3.2.1. Reforms Relating to Fundamental Freedoms and
Minority Protection............................................................... 208
4.3.2.2. Right to Life, Liberty and Security of Persons ....................... 216
4.3.2.3. The right to fair trial by independent and impartial
tribunal.................................................................................. 218
4.4. TURKEY’S EU ACCESSION PROCESS POST-CANDIDATURE STATUS................. 222
4.5. THE REFORM PROCESS: A GENUINE CHANGE OR BALANCING ACT? .............. 233
4.6. CONCLUSION.............................................................................................. 240
14 Table of Contents
Chapter 5
SETTING THE STANDARDS - V
KURDISH MINORITY RIGHTS:
AN OBSTACLE TO TURKEY’S EU MEMBERSHIP PROSPECTS?
5.1. INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................243
5.2. THE KURDS AND THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION...........................244
5.2.1. The Turkish Constitutional Provisions on the Right to Freedom of
Expression ..............................................................................................245
5.2.2. Legitimate Restrictions on Expression Pursuant to Art.10 ECHR ...........247
5.2.3. The Turkish Legislation and its Limitations on the Right to Free
Expression ..............................................................................................249
5.2.3.1. Turkish Penal Code and Criminalising of Opinions ................250
5.2.3.2. Convicting Opinions Under the Prevention of Terrorism
Act..........................................................................................255
5.2.4. Conclusion..............................................................................................260
5.3. THE KURDISH LANGUAGE AND CULTURAL RIGHTS .......................................261
5.3.1. Legal Limitations on the Use of Minority Languages in the Public
Domain...................................................................................................262
5.3.1.1. The Hegemony of the Official Language................................263
5.3.1.2. Loosening the Knots on the Kurdish Ethno-Cultural and
Linguistic Rights in the Private Domain .................................267
5.3.2. The Use of Kurdish Language in Dealings with the Public
Authorities .............................................................................................271
5.3.3. The Use of Kurdish Language in Judicial Proceedings............................275
5.3.4. The Right to Use Kurdish Names............................................................279
5.3.4.1. Personal Names in Minority Languages.................................280
5.3.4.2. Local and Other Topographic Names in Minority
Languages ..............................................................................283
5.3.5. Conclusion..............................................................................................286
5.4. THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION IN THE KURDISH LANGUAGE ..............................287
5.4.1. The Restrictive Nature of the Turkish Constitution and Kurdish
Linguistic Rights......................................................................................288
5.4.2. 2003 Legislative Reforms and its Implications on the Kurdish
Linguistic Rights......................................................................................291
5.4.3. Kurdish Language in Private Education..................................................295
5.4.4. Kurdish Language in Public Education ...................................................300
5.4.5. Conclusion..............................................................................................305
Table of Contents 15
5.5. POLITICAL PARTIES AND THE MINORITY RIGHT TO PARTICIPATION IN
PUBLIC LIFE ................................................................................................ 306
5.5.1. Political Parties and Margins of Political Participation in Turkey .......... 307
5.5.2. The Turkish Judicial Framework for Dissolution of ProKurdish
Political Parties...................................................................................... 310
5.5.3. Kurdish Participation in Public Life and the ECtHR’s Pressing Social
Need Criteria ......................................................................................... 312
5.5.4. Devolution of Public Authority and the Constitutional Principle of
Territorial Integrity................................................................................ 318
5.5.5. Electoral Participation and the National Threshold .............................. 322
5.5.6. Conclusion ............................................................................................. 327
5.6. CONCLUSION.............................................................................................. 327
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................ 331
BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................................................................................... 347
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