| Kitap Künyesi | |
| Yazar | Perçem ARMAN |
| Baskı Tarihi | 2021/03 |
| Baskı Sayısı | 1 |
| Boyut | 16x24 cm (Standart Kitap Boyu) |
| Cilt | Karton kapak |
| Sayfa Sayısı | 265 |
Son yıllarda çocukların silahlı çatışmalara katılımı ulusal ve uluslararası bir kaygı konusu haline gelmiştir. Silahlı çatışma, insanlığın bildiği en felaket durumdur ve hayatta kalma, gelişme ve refah açısından çocuklar için özellikle ciddi sonuçlar doğurur. Çocuklar sadece silahlı birlikler arasındaki çatışmanın pasif mağdurları değildir. Çocuklar, silahlı kuvvetler ve gruplar tarafından birliklerine alınmakta ve onlara silahlı çatışmalarda hem yardımcı hem de daha aktif roller verilmektedir. Çocuk savaşçılık konusundaki uluslararası kaygı önemli gelişmelere yol açmıştır. 70'lerin sonlarına doğru bir insancıl ve insan hakları girişiminin başlamasıyla, çatışmaya katılan çocuklara olan bakış açısı değişmiştir. Dolayısıyla, çocukların silahlı çatışmalarda korunması için normatif altyapıyı oluşturan antlaşmalar, protokoller ve kurallar şekillenmeye başlamıştır. Bu gelişmelerdeki esas amaç, çocuk savaşçıların silahlı birliklere alımını ve kullanımını düzenlemek ve silahlı birliklere yasal asgari alım yaşını yükseltmek üzerinedir. Bununla birlikte, düzenlemelerin kimin eylemlerini hedef aldığı konusunda uluslararası toplumun odağında bir değişiklik olmuştur. Başlangıçta, çocuk savaşçıların silahlı birliklere alımı ve kullanımı ile ilgili yasaklar daha çok devletlere ve daha az ölçüde devlet dışı silahlı gruplara karşı yöneltilmişti. Ancak, uluslararası toplum son zamanlarda 15 yaşın altındaki çocukları silahlı birliklere alanları bireysel olarak da hedef almıştır. Çocukların silahlı birliklere alınması artık uluslararası hukukta bir suçtur. Tüm düzenlemelere rağmen gerçek şudur ki, bugün dünyada devam eden çok sayıda silahlı çatışmaya halen çok sayıda çocuk katılmaktadır.
Bu çalışma çocuk savaşçılara yönelik uluslararası hukuk düzenlemelerini, diğer bir ifadeyle uluslararası insancıl hukuk, uluslararası insan hakları hukuku ve uluslararası ceza hukuku bağlamındaki gelişmeleri incelemektedir.
Çocuk savaşçıların varlığı günümüze özgü bir olay değildir. Yüz yıllar boyunca çocuk savaşçılar silahlı çatışmalarda yer almışlardır. Yakın tarihte, saptanmış çocuk savaşçıların sayısı Amerikan İç Savaşı sırasında 200.000 civarında tahmin edilmekte olup, Birinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında da yalnızca İngiliz Ordusunda çocuk savaşçı sayısının 250.000'lere vardığı bildirilmektedir. Bizim için de Çanakkale Savaşı ve Kurtuluş Savaşı sırasındaki birçok çocuğumuzun savaşa katılması zorunluluğu ortaya çıkmıştır.
Çocukların, masumiyetlerine dayanarak, öldürme ve öldürülme eylem ve olaylarında yer almasının uygun olmadığı anlayışının uluslararası hukuk düzeyinde ifade edilmesi dolaylı bir biçimde de olsa, İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası 1949 Cenevre Sözleşmeleri’nin dördüncüsünü oluşturan Savaş Sırasında Sivillerin Korunmasına İlişkin Cenevre Sözleşmesi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ancak, çocuk savaşçılar sorununun doğrudan uluslararası hukukta ele alınması 1977 yılından bu yana gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Türkçe olarak uluslararası hukukta çocuk savaşçılar sorununun ele alınması ise ilk kez Dr. Perçem Arman'ın elinizdeki bu kitabı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Dr. Perçem Arman konuya, sorunun alt-yapısını oluşturan çocuk savaşçıların savaşçı olarak göreve alınmalarının nedenlerinden başlayarak Devletlerin askeri birliklerine ya da Devlet-dışı silahlı guruplara katılımlarına kadar göreve alınma yöntemlerini inceledikten sonra, uluslararası hukukta çocuk savaşçıların statüsünü ele almaktadır.
Dr. Arman uluslararası hukukta çocuk savaşçıların statüsüne ilişkin ilk olarak kimlerin çocuk sayılması gerektiği konusunu ele almaktadır. Dr. Arman bize çocuk hakları bakımından genelde 18 yaşın ölçüt alınmasına rağmen bazı Devletlerin çocuk savaşçı yaşını 15'e kadar indirdiğini ve çeşitli silahlı gurupların bunu da hesaba katmadıklarını bildirmektedir. Dr. Perçem Arman, bundan sonra uluslararası hukukta düzenlenmiş bulunan temel andlaşmaları ve yapılageliş kurallarını ele alıp değerlendirmektedir.
Dr. Perçem Arman daha sonra değerlendirmesini uluslararası ceza hukuku açısından sürdürmektedir. Bu çerçevede Dr. Arman öncelikle çocuk savaşçıların silahlı kuvvetler ya da silahlı guruplara katılmaları sırasında komutanlar tarafından suç oluşturan katılma ve çocukları kullanma yöntemlerinin geniş bir değerlendirmesini yaparak bize zengin bir uluslararası içtihat verisini aktarmaktadır. Ancak, Dr. Arman yalnızca çocuk savaşçılara karşı işlenen uluslararası suçları değerlendirmekle kalmamakta ve günümüzde şimdilik tek bir olayla ilgili olarak ele alınan ve henüz sonuçlanmayan çocuk savaşçıların silahlı çatışmalar sırasında işledikleri suçlarla ilgili de ilginç değerlendirmelerde bulunmaktadır.
Bu değerli çalışması ile Dr. Perçem Arman çocuk savaşçılar konusunda bütüncül bir hukuksal değerlendirmeyi okuyucuya sunmaktadır. Ancak daha da altı çizilmesi gereken durum, Dr. Perçem Arman’ın bu çalışmasının Türkçe uluslararası hukuk çalışmalarında bir ilk olmasıdır. Kendisini kutlamak gerek.
Halen Yardımcı Doçent ünvanını da kazanmış bulunan meslekdaşımız Dr. Perçem Arman’ın İngiltere’deki hukuk öğreniminden sonra bir süre KKTC’de avukatlık tecrübesine sahip olmasına da bağlı olarak, bütün bu donanımıyla bundan sonra da uluslararası hukukun çeşitli konularında çok değerli çalışmalar yapacağına inanıyorum. Bundan sonraki çalışmalarında Dr. Perçem Arman’a başarılar diliyorum.
Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Pazarcı
Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi Öğretim Üyesi
ÖNSÖZ vii
TEŞEKKÜR ix
İÇİNDEKİLER xi
KISALTMALAR xv
GİRİŞ 1
1. BÖLÜM
GÜNÜMÜZÜN SAVAŞÇILARI: ÇOCUKLAR !
1.1. “ÇOCUK SAVAŞÇI” KİMDİR? 12
1.2. SİVİL HAYATTAN ÇOCUK SAVAŞÇILIĞA GEÇİŞ 23
1.3. ÇOCUK SAVAŞÇIYA DÖNÜŞÜM 39
1.4. ÇOCUK SAVAŞÇILIKTAN SİVİL HAYATA GEÇİŞ 49
2. BÖLÜM
ÇOCUK SAVAŞÇILIĞIN ULUSLARARASI HUKUKTA YASAKLANMASI
2.1. BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER VE ÇOCUK SAVAŞÇILAR 61
2.1.1. BM Genel Kurulu ve Graça Machel Raporu 61
2.1.2. BM Güvenlik Konseyi Kararları 65
2.1.2.1. Güvenlik Konseyi Kararı 1261 (1999) 67
2.1.2.2. Güvenlik Konseyi Kararı 1314 (2000) 68
2.1.2.3. Güvenlik Konseyi Kararı 1379 (2001) 69
2.1.2.4. Güvenlik Konseyi Kararı 1460 (2003) 69
2.1.2.5. Güvenlik Konseyi Kararı 1539 (2004) 70
2.1.2.6. Güvenlik Konseyi Kararı 1612 (2005) 71
2.1.2.7. Güvenlik Konseyi Kararı 1882 (2009) 71
2.1.2.8. Güvenlik Konseyi Kararı 1998 (2011) 72
2.1.2.9. Güvenlik Konseyi Kararı 2068 (2012) 73
2.1.2.10. Güvenlik Konseyi Kararı 2143 (2014) 73
2.1.2.11. Güvenlik Konseyi Kararı 2225 (2015) 74
2.1.2.12. Güvenlik Konseyi Kararı 2427 (2018) 74
2.2. ÇOCUK SAVAŞÇILARIN DAĞILIMI 77
2.3. ULUSLARARASI İNSANCIL HUKUKTA ÇOCUK
SAVAŞÇI 86
2.3.1. 1949 Cenevre Sözleşmeleri’ne Ek 1977 Tarihli
Protokoller 87
2.3.1.1. Ek Protokol I 90
2.3.1.2. Ek Protokol II 96
2.4. ULUSLARARASI İNSAN HAKLARI HUKUKUNDA
ÇOCUK SAVAŞÇI 99
2.4.1. 1989 BM Çocuk Hakları Sözleşmesi 100
2.4.2. 2000 BM Çocuk Hakları Sözleşmesi’ne Ek Çocukların Silahlı Çatışmalara Dahil Olmaları Konusundaki
Seçmeli Protokol 105
2.4.3. 1990 Afrika Çocuk Hakları ve Esenliği Şartı 114
2.4.4. Uluslararası İş Standartlarında Çocuk Savaşçı 116
2.5. ULUSLARARASI TEAMÜL HUKUKUNDA ÇOCUK
SAVAŞÇI 118
2.5.1. Çocukların Silahlı Birliklere Alınması ve Kullanılması Konusunda Uluslararası Teamül Hukuku 119
2.5.2. Uluslararası Teamül Kuralları ve Silahlı Gruplar 124
3. BÖLÜM
ULUSLARARASI CEZA HUKUKUNDA ÇOCUK SAVAŞÇI
3.1. ÇOCUK SAVAŞÇILARI SİLAHLI BİRLİKLERE ALANLARIN VE KULLANANLARIN CEZAİ SORUMLULUĞU 126
3.1.1. Sierra Leone Özel Mahkemesi ve Çocuk Savaşçılar 126
3.1.1.1. AFRC Davası 132
3.1.1.2. CDF Davası 137
3.1.1.3. RUF Davası 147
3.1.1.4. Taylor Davası 155
3.1.2. Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi ve Çocuk Savaşçılar 159
3.1.2.1. Lubanga Davası 161
3.1.2.2. Ntaganda Davası 174
3.1.2.3. Sierra Leone Özel Mahkemesi ve Uluslararası
Ceza Mahkemesi İçtihadına Genel Bir Bakış 191
3.2. ÇOCUK SAVAŞÇILARIN CEZAİ SORUMLULUĞU 216
3.2.1. Asgari Cezai Sorumluluk Yaşı 218
3.2.2. Cezai Sorumluluğu Ortadan Kaldıran Nedenler 223
3.2.2.1. Alkol / Uyuşturucu Madde Etkisi
(Intoxication) 226
3.2.2.2. Zorunluluk Hali / Tehdit (Duress) 227
3.2.2.3. Üst Makam Emirleri (Superior Orders) 228
SONUÇ 235
KAYNAKÇA 245
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